Assessing the Impact of Rehabilitation Programs on Recidivism among Non-Custodial Offenders: A Case Study of Kericho County, Kenya

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs in reducing recidivism among non-custodial offenders in Kericho County, Kenya. Non-custodial sentencing has gained traction as an alternative to incarceration, yet its success heavily depends on the quality of rehabilitation interventions. This study used a mixed-methods descriptive design to explore how vocational training, counselling and psychological support services, and community reintegration initiatives affect behavioural change and reduce re-offending. Data were collected from 297 participants, including offenders, probation officers, counsellors, and community leaders, through questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis. The results indicated that while vocational training improved skills and job readiness for many participants, employment retention remained low. Counselling significantly enhanced emotional regulation and mental health, though its impact on substance abuse was modest. Community reintegration efforts were recognised as vital but inconsistently applied, with many offenders reporting limited acceptance. The study concludes that rehabilitation programs contribute to behavioural reform but face systemic challenges such as weak employment linkages and stigma. It recommends aligning training with market needs, expanding trauma-informed counselling, and institutionalising community-based reintegration. These enhancements are crucial for reinforcing non-custodial sentencing as a sustainable rehabilitative pathway.